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Copyright Page
Acronyms, Initialisms & Abbreviations Dictionary, 40th Edition, Volume 1
Project Editor
Linda Hall
Editorial
Linda Hall, Bob Romaniuk
Editorial Support Services
Scott Flaugher
Composition and Electronic Prepress
Gary Oudersluys
Manufacturing
Rita Wimberley
Product Management
David Forman
2008 by the Gale, Cengage Learning
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher.
This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information.
While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, Gale, a part of Cengage lerning does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. The Gale Group, Inc. accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions.
EDITORIAL DATA PRIVACY POLICY
Does this product contain information about you as an individual? If so, for more information about how to access or correct that information or about our data privacy policies please see our Privacy Statement at www.gale.cengage.com.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 84-643188
ISBN-13:
978-1-4144-1902-2 (Volume 1 Complete)
978-1-4144-1903-9 (Part 1: A-C only)
978-1-4144-1904-6 (Part 2: D-I only)
978-1-4144-1905-3 (Part 3: J-P only)
978-1-4144-1906-0 (Part 4: Q-Z only)
ISBN-10:
1-4144-1902-3 (Volume 1 Complete)
1-4144-1903-1 (Part 1: A-C only)
1-4144-1904-X (Part 2: D-I only)
1-4144-1905-8 (Part 3: J-P only)
1-4144-1906-6 (Part 4: Q-Z only)
ISSN 0270-4404
This title is also available as an e-Book
ISBN-13: 978-1-4144-3747-7
ISBN-10: 1-4144-3747-1
Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information.
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Gale Customer Support, 1-800-877-4253.
for permition to use material from this text or product,
submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permitions.
Further permissions questions can be emailed to
permissionrequest@cengage.com
Copyright Page
Acronyms, Initialisms & Abbreviations Dictionary, 41st Edition, Volume 1
Project Editor
Linda Hall
Editorial
Linda Hall, Bob Romaniuk
Editorial Support Services
Scott Flaugher
Composition and Electronic Prepress
Gary Oudersluys
Manufacturing
Rita Wimberley
Product Management
David Forman
2008 by the Gale, Cengage Learning
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher.
This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information.
While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, Gale, a part of Cengage lerning does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. The Gale Group, Inc. accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions.
EDITORIAL DATA PRIVACY POLICY
Does this product contain information about you as an individual? If so, for more information about how to access or correct that information or about our data privacy policies please see our Privacy Statement at www.gale.cengage.com.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 84-643188
ISBN-13:
978-1-4144-1902-2 (Volume 1 Complete)
978-1-4144-1903-9 (Part 1: A-C only)
978-1-4144-1904-6 (Part 2: D-I only)
978-1-4144-1905-3 (Part 3: J-P only)
978-1-4144-1906-0 (Part 4: Q-Z only)
ISBN-10:
1-4144-1902-3 (Volume 1 Complete)
1-4144-1903-1 (Part 1: A-C only)
1-4144-1904-X (Part 2: D-I only)
1-4144-1905-8 (Part 3: J-P only)
1-4144-1906-6 (Part 4: Q-Z only)
ISSN 0270-4404
This title is also available as an e-Book
ISBN-13: 978-1-4144-3747-7
ISBN-10: 1-4144-3747-1
Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information.
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Gale Customer Support, 1-800-877-4253.
for permition to use material from this text or product,
submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permitions.
Further permissions questions can be emailed to
permissionrequest@cengage.com
Copyright Page
Acronyms, Initialisms & Abbreviations Dictionary, 41st Edition, Volume 2
Project Editor
Linda Hall
Editorial
Linda Hall, Bob Romaniuk
Editorial Support Services
Scott Flaugher
Composition and Electronic Prepress
Gary Oudersluys
Manufacturing
Rita Wimberley
Product Management
David Forman
2008 by the Gale, Cengage Learning
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher.
This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information.
While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, Gale, a part of Cengage lerning does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. The Gale Group, Inc. accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions.
EDITORIAL DATA PRIVACY POLICY
Does this product contain information about you as an individual? If so, for more information about how to access or correct that information or about our data privacy policies please see our Privacy Statement at www.gale.cengage.com.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 84-643188
ISBN-13:
978-1-4144-1902-2 (Volume 1 Complete)
978-1-4144-1903-9 (Part 1: A-C only)
978-1-4144-1904-6 (Part 2: D-I only)
978-1-4144-1905-3 (Part 3: J-P only)
978-1-4144-1906-0 (Part 4: Q-Z only)
ISBN-10:
1-4144-1902-3 (Volume 1 Complete)
1-4144-1903-1 (Part 1: A-C only)
1-4144-1904-X (Part 2: D-I only)
1-4144-1905-8 (Part 3: J-P only)
1-4144-1906-6 (Part 4: Q-Z only)
ISSN 0270-4404
This title is also available as an e-Book
ISBN-13: 978-1-4144-3747-7
ISBN-10: 1-4144-3747-1
Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information.
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Gale Customer Support, 1-800-877-4253.
for permition to use material from this text or product,
submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permitions.
Further permissions questions can be emailed to
permissionrequest@cengage.com
Copyright Page
Acronyms, Initialisms & Abbreviations Dictionary, 40th Edition, Volume 1
Project Editor
Linda Hall
Editorial
Linda Hall, Bob Romaniuk
Editorial Support Services
Scott Flaugher
Composition and Electronic Prepress
Gary Oudersluys
Manufacturing
Rita Wimberley
Product Management
David Forman
2008 by the Gale, Cengage Learning
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher.
This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information.
While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, Gale, a part of Cengage lerning does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. The Gale Group, Inc. accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions.
EDITORIAL DATA PRIVACY POLICY
Does this product contain information about you as an individual? If so, for more information about how to access or correct that information or about our data privacy policies please see our Privacy Statement at www.gale.cengage.com.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 84-643188
ISBN-13:
978-1-4144-1902-2 (Volume 1 Complete)
978-1-4144-1903-9 (Part 1: A-C only)
978-1-4144-1904-6 (Part 2: D-I only)
978-1-4144-1905-3 (Part 3: J-P only)
978-1-4144-1906-0 (Part 4: Q-Z only)
ISBN-10:
1-4144-1902-3 (Volume 1 Complete)
1-4144-1903-1 (Part 1: A-C only)
1-4144-1904-X (Part 2: D-I only)
1-4144-1905-8 (Part 3: J-P only)
1-4144-1906-6 (Part 4: Q-Z only)
ISSN 0270-4404
This title is also available as an e-Book
ISBN-13: 978-1-4144-3747-7
ISBN-10: 1-4144-3747-1
Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information.
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Gale Customer Support, 1-800-877-4253.
for permition to use material from this text or product,
submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permitions.
Further permissions questions can be emailed to
permissionrequest@cengage.com
Copyright Page
Acronyms, Initialisms & Abbreviations Dictionary, 41st Edition, Volume 3
Project Editor
Linda Hall
Editorial
Linda Hall, Bob Romaniuk
Editorial Support Services
Scott Flaugher
Composition and Electronic Prepress
Gary Oudersluys
Manufacturing
Rita Wimberley
Product Management
David Forman
2008 by the Gale, Cengage Learning
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher.
This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information.
While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, Gale, a part of Cengage lerning does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. The Gale Group, Inc. accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions.
EDITORIAL DATA PRIVACY POLICY
Does this product contain information about you as an individual? If so, for more information about how to access or correct that information or about our data privacy policies please see our Privacy Statement at www.gale.cengage.com.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 84-643188
ISBN-13:
978-1-4144-1902-2 (Volume 1 Complete)
978-1-4144-1903-9 (Part 1: A-C only)
978-1-4144-1904-6 (Part 2: D-I only)
978-1-4144-1905-3 (Part 3: J-P only)
978-1-4144-1906-0 (Part 4: Q-Z only)
ISBN-10:
1-4144-1902-3 (Volume 1 Complete)
1-4144-1903-1 (Part 1: A-C only)
1-4144-1904-X (Part 2: D-I only)
1-4144-1905-8 (Part 3: J-P only)
1-4144-1906-6 (Part 4: Q-Z only)
ISSN 0270-4404
This title is also available as an e-Book
ISBN-13: 978-1-4144-3747-7
ISBN-10: 1-4144-3747-1
Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information.
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Gale Customer Support, 1-800-877-4253.
for permition to use material from this text or product,
submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permitions.
Further permissions questions can be emailed to
permissionrequest@cengage.com
Copyright Page
Acronyms, Initialisms & Abbreviations Dictionary, 40th Edition, Volume 1
Project Editor
Linda Hall
Editorial
Linda Hall, Bob Romaniuk
Editorial Support Services
Scott Flaugher
Composition and Electronic Prepress
Gary Oudersluys
Manufacturing
Rita Wimberley
Product Management
David Forman
2008 by the Gale, Cengage Learning
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher.
This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information.
While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, Gale, a part of Cengage lerning does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. The Gale Group, Inc. accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions.
EDITORIAL DATA PRIVACY POLICY
Does this product contain information about you as an individual? If so, for more information about how to access or correct that information or about our data privacy policies please see our Privacy Statement at www.gale.cengage.com.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 84-643188
ISBN-13:
978-1-4144-1902-2 (Volume 1 Complete)
978-1-4144-1903-9 (Part 1: A-C only)
978-1-4144-1904-6 (Part 2: D-I only)
978-1-4144-1905-3 (Part 3: J-P only)
978-1-4144-1906-0 (Part 4: Q-Z only)
ISBN-10:
1-4144-1902-3 (Volume 1 Complete)
1-4144-1903-1 (Part 1: A-C only)
1-4144-1904-X (Part 2: D-I only)
1-4144-1905-8 (Part 3: J-P only)
1-4144-1906-6 (Part 4: Q-Z only)
ISSN 0270-4404
This title is also available as an e-Book
ISBN-13: 978-1-4144-3747-7
ISBN-10: 1-4144-3747-1
Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information.
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Gale Customer Support, 1-800-877-4253.
for permition to use material from this text or product,
submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permitions.
Further permissions questions can be emailed to
permissionrequest@cengage.com
Copyright Page
Acronyms, Initialisms & Abbreviations Dictionary, 41st Edition, Volume 4
Project Editor
Linda Hall
Editorial
Linda Hall, Bob Romaniuk
Editorial Support Services
Scott Flaugher
Composition and Electronic Prepress
Gary Oudersluys
Manufacturing
Rita Wimberley
Product Management
David Forman
2008 by the Gale, Cengage Learning
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher.
This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information.
While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, Gale, a part of Cengage lerning does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. The Gale Group, Inc. accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions.
EDITORIAL DATA PRIVACY POLICY
Does this product contain information about you as an individual? If so, for more information about how to access or correct that information or about our data privacy policies please see our Privacy Statement at www.gale.cengage.com.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 84-643188
ISBN-13:
978-1-4144-1902-2 (Volume 1 Complete)
978-1-4144-1903-9 (Part 1: A-C only)
978-1-4144-1904-6 (Part 2: D-I only)
978-1-4144-1905-3 (Part 3: J-P only)
978-1-4144-1906-0 (Part 4: Q-Z only)
ISBN-10:
1-4144-1902-3 (Volume 1 Complete)
1-4144-1903-1 (Part 1: A-C only)
1-4144-1904-X (Part 2: D-I only)
1-4144-1905-8 (Part 3: J-P only)
1-4144-1906-6 (Part 4: Q-Z only)
ISSN 0270-4404
This title is also available as an e-Book
ISBN-13: 978-1-4144-3747-7
ISBN-10: 1-4144-3747-1
Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information.
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Gale Customer Support, 1-800-877-4253.
for permition to use material from this text or product,
submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permitions.
Further permissions questions can be emailed to
permissionrequest@cengage.com
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